Understanding how HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is transmitted is key to preventing its spread. HIV is passed from one person to another through specific bodily fluids—but not all body fluids carry the virus.

Bodily Fluids That Can Transmit HIV

HIV can be spread through:

• Blood

• Semen

• Pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum)

• Vaginal fluids

• Breast milk

These fluids must come into direct contact with a mucous membrane, damaged tissue, or be injected into the bloodstream for transmission to occur.

Bodily Fluids That Cannot Transmit HIV

HIV is not spread through:

• Saliva

• Urine

• Tears

• Sweat

• Faeces

Casual contact such as hugging, sharing toilets, or using the same utensils does not pose a risk.

Sexual Transmission of HIV

HIV is most commonly spread through unprotected sexual activity, including:

• Vaginal sex

• Anal sex

• Oral sex

Let’s break it down:

Vaginal Sex

If an HIV-positive man has unprotected vaginal sex, the virus can enter a woman’s body through the cervix or uterus. Likewise, an HIV-positive woman can transmit the virus to a man through cuts, the urethra, or under the foreskin.

Anal Sex

This carries a higher risk of HIV transmission for both partners, especially the receptive partner (“bottom”), as the delicate lining of the rectum is more prone to tears.

Oral Sex

Oral sex is considered low risk for HIV. The mouth’s tough lining and virus-fighting enzymes in saliva offer some protection. However, there is a very small chance of transmission if cuts, ulcers, or bleeding gums are present.

Factors That Increase Risk

• Presence of blood during sex (e.g. menstruation)

• Open sores or cuts

• Other STIs, which can make it easier for HIV to enter the body

Non-Sexual Ways HIV Can Be Transmitted

HIV can also spread through non-sexual means when infected blood or fluids enter the bloodstream directly.

1. Sharing Needles

One of the highest-risk activities. Reusing needles for drug use, steroids, or even medical care without proper sterilisation can rapidly transmit HIV.

2. Mother-to-Child

HIV can be passed from mother to baby during:

• Pregnancy

• Labour and delivery

• Breastfeeding

With proper screening and medication, the risk of mother-to-child transmission can be reduced to almost zero.

3. Blood Transfusions

In developed countries, donated blood is routinely screened, making this route extremely rare. In places where screening isn’t reliable, however, it remains a risk.

4. Healthcare Settings

Though rare, healthcare workers may be exposed via accidental needle sticks or contact with infected blood. Proper safety practices greatly minimise this risk.

5. Tattoos & Piercings

If tattooing or piercing tools are not properly sterilised, there is a risk of HIV transmission—especially if they have been used on an HIV-positive person.

Protecting Yourself

• Always use condoms or dental dams during sex

• Avoid sharing needles or syringes

• Only get tattoos or piercings from licensed professionals

• Make sure blood products are properly screened if you’re abroad

• Get tested regularly if you’re sexually active or at higher risk

Still Have Questions?

Our expert sexual health advisors are here to help. Call us anytime or book your confidential HIV test online today.

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